Analysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Milgram Obedience

One of the most well-known experimentations in submission in psychology the famous Milgram obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram, social psychologist who worked at Yale University during the 1960s, and the ethical guidelines that should have been integrated with his research. Stanley Milgram’s aim was to study whether the German population were predominantly compliant to imposing figures which was a collective thought for the Nazi massacres that happened during the course of World War II. Milgram’s study dishonored the regulations and procedures for moral human experiments brought on by the British Psychological Society. The most important questions that Stanley Milgram attempted to answer was could he get individuals to electrocute and cause serious harm to other human beings and if so then could events like the Holocaust occur again. He wanted to see if every normal people who were good and caring have the ability to act callous and inhumanely without any regard toward human safety. His goal was to understand obedience and authority and under what conditions would someone obey authority and carry out order and commands that demanded cruel and unusual punishment. The experiment consisted of a number of participants that were instructed to teach an individual deemed a â€Å"learner† pairs of words and administer an electric shock if they gave an incorrect response. With each incorrect response, the electric shock was amplified, despite the fact the the participant hadShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience 2023 Words   |  9 Pages Essay #4 – Obedience and Defiance Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment, which later wrote about it in â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† in 1963 to research how people obey authoritative figures and what extent a person would go inflicting pain onto an innocent person. The study involved a teacher (subject), learner (actor), and an experimenter (authoritative figure). The teacher was placed in front of a control panel labeled with electrical shocks ranging fromRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an authoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavioral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagessubmission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on the notion of obedience with accordance to the behaviors of a higher power and his subjects. Milgram’s defines obedience as â€Å"the psychological mechanism that links individual  action  to political  pur-pose.  It  is the dispositional  cement  that  binds men to systems of authority† (371). Milgram’s experiment was conducted with response to the Nazi war trials. Through experimentation, Milgram discovered theRead MoreThe Effects Of Deceit : A Look At The Stanley Milgram Experiment1201 Words   |  5 PagesComposition 1 29 October, 2017 Effects of Deceit: A Look At the Stanley Milgram Experiment A recent Pew poll shows there is an increasingly substantial amount of public disagreement about basic scientific facts, facts such as the human though process (Scientific American). People in today’s society believe that studies, for example the Stanley Milgram Experiments, are falsified and irrelevant. In â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† Stanley Milgram, an experienced psychologist at Yale, explains how the humanRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Disobedience 1372 Words   |  6 PagesIn Stanley Milgram’s essay, â€Å"Perils of Disobedience†, an experiment was conducted to test an individual’s obedience from authority when conflicting with morally incorrect orders. Following the conclusion of World War Two, Milgram’s essay was published in Harper’s Magazine, which appeals to a national audience and yields an array of content from different contextual backgrounds. As Milgram reports the results of his experiment, he pro vides descriptive details of many of the subjects and their behaviorsRead MoreStanley Milgram1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow the orders of another person in authority? An experiment conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram reveal how situationism applies to study results. How would this experiment differ if the participants were from various races, cultures, gender groups? A summary of the study and how it was conducted Stanley Milgram is a psychologist who conducted a study based on obedience during the 1960’s, and this experiment produced startling results. Questions still arise about the experimentsRead MoreA Brief Summary of Milgrams Seminal Research on Obedience to Authority1016 Words   |  5 Pagesintentional mistreatment of others (Berkowitz, 1999). Because of the fields situationistic perspective emphasizing the individuals susceptibility to the power of the immediate situation, social psychologists generally view the fairly high levels of obedience to authority displayed in Milgrams classic experiment as the paradigmatic example of evil behavior (Berkowitz, 1999). Reading about the work of Ross and Nisbett, 1991 (as cited in Berkowitz, 1999, p. 247) stated that â€Å"social psychologists, byRead MoreSocial Influences And Its Impact On Society1874 Words   |  8 Pagestaking instructions off police constables. This social ranking is not only present in today s society but a lso can be seen historically. One of the most significant examples of conforming to the demands of an authority figure was witnessed in Second World War, where 45 million people were slaughtered on command (Milgram cited in Dixon). Stanley Milgram was intrigued by this and explored this level of obedience through conducting an experiment. He was able to establish that individuals respond to authorityRead MoreThe Perils Of Obedience By Milgram And The Stanford Prison Experiment1207 Words   |  5 Pagesalways question the idea of obedience. Two prestigious psychologists, Stanley Milgram and Philip G. Zimbardo, conducted practical obedience experiments with astonishing results. Shocked by the amount of immoral obedience, both doctors wrote articles exploring the reasoning for the test subjects unorthodox manners. In The Perils of Obedience by Milgram and The Stanford Prison Experiment by Zimbardo, the professionals reflect their thoughts in a logical manner. Milgram s experiment consisted ofRead MoreStanley Milgram s Obedience Study1325 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology 230 Stanley Milgram’s obedience study has become one of the most timeless experiments and is thought of as a work of art. In this experiment, Milgram examined if individuals would take requests from authority figures regardless if they felt that the requests were ethical or not. Milgram chose members for this study by daily paper advertising for male participants to partake in an investigation at Yale University. In World War II, Nazis justified killings by saying that they were simply

Assignment of Organisation Free Essays

Explore organisational structure and culture LO2 (3. 2): Examine different approaches to management and leadership and theories of organisation LO3 (3. 3): Examine the relationship between motivational theories LO4 (3. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment of Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4): Demonstrate an understanding of working with others, teamwork, groups and group dynamics. P1: (3. 1. 01): Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture P2: (3. 1. 02): Analyse the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture and the effects on business performance P3 (3. 1. 03): Analyse the factors which influence individual behaviour at work P4: (3. 2. 1)Analyse how organisational theory underpins principles and practices of organising and of management P5: (3. 2. 02): Compare the different approaches to management and theories of organisation used by two organisations P6: (3. 3. 01): Discuss different leadership styles and the effectiveness of these leadership approaches P7: (3. 3. 02): Explain the different motivational theories and their application within the workplace P8: (3. 3. 03): Assess the relationship between motivation theory and the practice of management P9: (3. 4. 01): describe the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations P10: (3. 4. 2): Investigate the factors that lead to effective teamwork and the influences that threaten success P11 (3. 4. 03): Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation How to cite Assignment of Organisation, Papers

Influence of Pta on School Adminsitration free essay sample

The school organization, administration and management has become sophisticated and complex to the extent that governments alone cannot handle, problems ranging from students unrest, poor attendance to schools and drop out especially among female students could be solved with the assistance of the (home) parent Teachers’ Association. Public schools require effective community support, hence the need to establish a well organized Parent-Teacher’s Association in our primary schools cannot be over emphasized. School Advisory Boards were established in schools to assist in solving issues related to the administration and management of education. However, it was observed that School Advisory Boards were not effective since they were regarded as a mere consultative body on certain disciplinary cases. Another reason could be that, there was no much interaction between the schools and Advisory Boards. Communities are supposed to play important role in influencing the school since they regard each other as partners. However, schools have been holding the community performance in the school with suspicion as observed by Musaazi (1984:242) that parents consider the job of teachers as merely instruction in the classroom not organizing productive activities in the village or doing other community development, type of activities. Teachers do sometimes reject the idea of having local villagers (parents) to participate in managing the schools. This kind of feeling among the teachers has therefore made parents to regard the school only as a modern creation exclusively meant for only those with Western Education and hence the ordinary parents with no such type of education were therefore not expected to participate in its activities. Government seemed incapable to shoulder the entire educational burden alone, the government therefore need to involve parents and Parent Teacher Association actively in the management of primary schools in the Federal Capital Territory. Parent-Teacher Association has a very long history in Federal capital Territory. The association developed from within the parents themselves in their attempt to be involved in the management and administration of schools in the Federal Capital Territory it was observed that the activity of the association has been characterized with mere fund raising at the expense of other important roles. The role of Parent-Teacher Associations ought to extend beyond mere financial contributions to include policy making in primary schools management most especially in areas, such as curriculum change and other educational development. The intent of this research is to explore in to the problem that surrounds the role of parent teacher association the management of schools in Federal Capital Territory. 1. 2Statement of the Problem There are insinuations from certain quarters that the PTAs interfere negatively with the administration of schools. Many private schools for instance will rather operate without a PTA to check the perceived undue interferences of parents. However, it is thought by some that PTAs play a rather significant role in the running of schools. The study therefore will examine the financial contributions to schools by Parent-Teacher Association, parents’ involvement in the students’ academic activities as well as parents’ involvement in the social activities of the schools in order to understand the contributions of PTA to the development of primary education in the country. The study intends to investigate the extent to which the roles of Parent-Teacher Associations are being achieved in development of primary schools in Federal Capital Territory. 1. 3 Purpose of the Study The aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which the roles of parent-teacher association in the management and development of primary education in Gwagwalada Area Council with a view of suggesting ways to improve to allow general effectiveness and efficiency of the educational system. The specific purposes for this study include: 1. To observe the roles performed by Parent-Teacher Associations in the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 2. To identify the contributions of Parent-Teacher Association to the smooth running of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. . To study the reactions of parents towards parent-teacher association with regard to the activities of the association in relation to the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 4. To study the impact of PTA on the development of Primary Schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 1. 4Research Questions The research attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. What rol es does Parent-Teacher Associations perform in the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 2. What contributions does Parent-Teacher Association make to the smooth running of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 3. What are the reactions of parents towards parent-teacher association with regard to the activities of the association in relation to the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 4. What impact does PTA make to the development of Primary Schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 1. 5 Basic Assumptions The study is based on the following assumptions 1. That the existence of Parents Teachers Associations aids the development of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. . That Parent-Teacher Association functions are not identified in relationship with the development of the secondary education primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 3. Parents have adequate perception of their role in the activity of parent teacher associations. 4. Parent Teacher Associations members may not be aware of other more important functions of the associations. 1. 6Si gnificance of the Study The government cannot bear the entire burden in managing the financial responsibilities of all post primary institutions in the Gwagwalada Area Council. In view of the above, there seemed to be no better forum where both parents and teachers could meet and make a worth while contribution in sharing with the government part of the educational responsibility other, than through the Parent Teacher Associations. The research was intended to make parents become more responsive and conversant about their role in the activity of parent Teacher Association. Equally, principals and Teachers would be more knowledgeable about their role in parent Teacher’s Association activities. Furthermore, the study would serve as basis for studies on the role of parent-teacher association in relation to the development of primary school education in Gwagwalada Area Council for so many reasons: On the whole, for the justification of the position taken by the parent teacher association the research work is therefore of great significance to find out what specific. Finally, the research findings are to be used as a pointer to the ministry of education to initiate a move towards involving parent teacher association in policy making rather than reducing them to mere fund raising organization. . 7 Scope of the Study The area to be covered by this research work is the Gwagwalada Area Council of the FCT in Nigeria. The study is specifically delineated to primary school in the area council as a result of time constraints as well as financial constraints. Introduction In this chapter, the relevant literatures are discussed in the following sub-headings: (a)Theoretical/Conceptual Framework of the study. (b)Purpose and relevance of Parent-Teachers’ Association. (c)Organization and composition of Parent-Teacher Association. d)Parent- Teacher Association and school administration. (e)School community relationship. (f)Review of some parent –Teachers’ Association constitutions. 2. 2Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This section is an attempt towards exploring the theoretical framework with the view of giving the entire work a kind of the theoretical basis. The following areas were examined: a. Organizational theory. b. Leadership and organization. c. Goals in organization d. Communication and school management. e. Delegation of authority. 2. 2. 1 Organisational Theory According to Persons (1990:17) organizations â€Å"are social units (of human groupings) deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals. † Modern societies have so many organisations that are establish to accomplish specific goals for social development. Among such organization is the parent-Teachers’ Association whose characteristics, goals and objectives follow very well in parson’s definition of organization. A prominent organizational theorist, Webver (1961) as cited by Etsioni (2001) distinguished three modes of theories which an organizational structure may adopt: traditional charismatic and authority. It was observed that Weber emphasized on the rational aspects. Barnard as cited by Etzioni (2001) while examining similar set of complex organizations, placed greater emphasis on the psychological and social aspects in the case of main focus, of this review, both Weber’s structure can be observed. Selznick’s theory as cited by Etzioni (2001) rests on Weber’s and Barnards foundations. He studied organizations not only as economics and adaptive structures, but also as the co-operative systems. This led him to examine the formal roles of the participants as well as their personality and leadership. Selznick’s theory is more closely related to this area of investigation; the role of parent-Teachers’ Associations in the development of secondary schools in Federal Capital Territory. The role of the participants (parents and Teachers) and their personality and leadership in the discharge of their various roles are clearly identifiable. Parson’s contribution in organizational theory is predominantly oriented to the attainment of specific goals. This, when related to parent-teacher associations could mean closing the gap between the home and the school with the view of promoting education welfare of the child. Specifically, parent-teacher association is geared towards improving teaching, learning and welfare of the students. The above theoretical constructs of organizational theory when looked from a different perspective can be summarized as consisting of elements of classical theory of management, human relations and the structuralists thinking in administration. Area of Study The Federal Republic of Nigeria become worthy of consideration by the Governemt of the late General Murtala Mohammed for a new Capital. Many Nigerians observed that Lagos was be set by Intractable problems and as such unbefitting of a Federal capital City. The Federal Government therefore on August 9th 1975 announced a seven (7) man committee headed by renowned Jurist, Dr. Timoty Akinola Aguda with Dr. Tai Solarin, Colonel Monsignol-Petrik Nartubs; Prof. C. K. Ogan, Alhaji Mohammed Musa Isma, Dr. Ajato Gandanu and Chief Owen Fiebai as members to advise the government on where to site its capital in stand of Lagos. This committee has Chief E. E. Nsefic as its secretary. On February 5th 1979, Federal Capital Territory was born by Decree number 6 of 1976. The decree was promulgated to give a legal state to the new capital territory. The ownership control and governance of the territory was vested in the Government. The Decree also established a Federal Capital development Authority (F. C. D. A) with the responsibility to plan, design and develop the territory including the sitting, management and the deployment of education in the territory. The Federal Capital Territory (F. C. T. ) is located within the centre of the geographical are called Nigeria, it shares boundary with Kaduna State to the North, Nassarawa State to the East and South East, Kogi State to the West and equidistant from almost all parts of the country. It is inhabited by Egbura, Gwari, Nupe, Hausa and son on. The land scope of the territory consists of titled alluvial plains dissected by Rivers Guran and Usuma and a range of hills, and extension of the Jos Plateau popularly known as Jema’a plate from running through to the middle of the territory. The vegetation is predominantly Guinea savannah, the soil is reddish and its temperature fluctuation between 30o and 37o centigrade. Like some other parts of Nigeria, Abuja is basically affected by the dry and rainy session the dry session is between December and Mrch and rainy session is about April to Novermber. Rain fall average 1,632mm annually. The Federal Captial Territory is presently made up of six area councils: Abaji, Gwagwalada, Kwali, Kuje, Abuja Municipal and Bwari, each with average 4 – 5 secondary schools with Gwagwalada having the only school for the gifted students. 2. 3 Leadership and Organisation The success of any organization depends mainly on effective administration procedures (Musaazi: 1982). However, such effective leadership, organization, such as educational institutions require dynamic leadership. According to Stodgill (1958: 38) leadership is organized group in the task of goal setting and goal achievement†. Leaders wherever they are, availed themselves with one-type of leadership style or the other. Parent-Teacher Associations as an organization is being steered under the leadership of dynamic chairmen who are seasonal administrators in their respective areas of endeavours. Since Parent-Teacher Association s is a voluntary organization, a leadership style befitting its status and aspirations of the majority must be thought. However, it must be understood that such a leadership style must relegate concretely to the goals of the association. 2. 4 Goals in Organisation Organizations are generally established to achieve certain tasks (goals). The success of organizations is invariable measured in relation to accomplishing organizational goals. Goals of organizations serve many functions. They provide direction and guide-lines for organisationl activity. Organizations are social units which pursue specific goals (Etzioni 2001:5). According to Etzioni (2001) organizational goals is â€Å"a desired state of affairs which the organization attempt’s to realize†. Organizations are constructed to be the most effective and efficient social units (Etzoni 2001:8). The actual effectiveness of a particular organization is determined by the degree to which it achieved its goals. The efficiency of an organization is measured by the amount of the resources used to produce a single unit of output. Parent-Teacher Associations as an organization is specifically aimed towards serving as a clearing house for the presentation and discussion of educational problems where parents and teachers through contact could develop greater understating for the effective solutions to our educational problems (Moehlman, 1997). The effectiveness of any parent-teachers ‘association in the Federal Capital Territory’ would be measured in relation to solving the numerous educational problems facing our secondary schools. . 5 Communication and School Management Communication is an art used all the time. It is the exchange of information, feelings and attitudes. Communication involves sharing of ideas and information in related to parent-teacher ‘Associations as it comprised of many people showing a common interest (the advancement of education and students welfare). Afolyan (1982) described communication as the life blood of any organization. According to Simon (1998: 152). Communication is inseparable with organization to influence the behaviour of the individuals for there can be no organization without communication. There are various types of communication used by school principals. These are summarized in to two broad classes. There are channels of communication with members of the school and also a channel of communication with community members. School principles should inform parents on the activities of their schools and to share a common idea with them. However, the medium of communication and mode of contacting members to attend meetings could constitute a serious problem to the effectiveness of the association. 2. 6 Delegation of Authority Authority is an important aspect necessary for achieving the set of objectives in any organization. Authority is being seen as the power to make decisions which guide the actions of another (Musaazi 1982: 100). Delegation is simply the process of dividing up the superior’s (boss) total work and giving part of it to the subordinate to perform on 106). As educational organizations grow in size, they become more sophisticaticated and complex, delegation of authority and responsibility becomes increasingly essential. By law, school administers have been delegated to carry out certain functions of the ministry in their respective schools. Principals therefore find themselves in a kind of dual relationship. They exercise authority and also subject school’s board of governors. Authority is not usually measured by positions in the Associations. The constituted views of the association are not adhered to due to selfish interests of some highly placed individuals. In view of the numerous tasks to be performed by the state ministry of Education on one hand, and the desire of voluntary organizations like the parent Teacher Associations to assist in the management of post primary institutions, some element of delegation of authority is identifiable. It is the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Education to collect any dues from students. The Ministry has delegated school principals to collect such money on behalf of the ministry. It is also the duty of the ministry to feed the large students in the boarding institutions. In conclusion, a theory could be described as a set of assumptions from which a set of empirical law may be derived. They are developed, essentially to assist in the identification and clarification of problems now and in the future (Etzioni, 2001). Parent-Teachers Association as an organization must strive to identify and clarify the educational problem facing post primary institutions in the Federal Capital Territory. As an additional impetus, members of the association must elect leaders of impeccable character and transparent honesty. 2. 7 Purpose and Relevance of Parent-Teachers Association According to Collins (1973:87) Parent-Teacher Association is â€Å"an organization or combination of parents and Teachers meant to cultivate and facilitate mutual understanding so as to make the education of children a joint operation as well as understanding social and fund raising activities† some of the main objectives of Parent-Teacher Associations in secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory would include strengthening the uthority of the school in caring out disciplinary problems, financial contributions, social activity and exchange of useful ideas between the teachers and the parents. It is important to involve parents and teachers in policy making concerning education in the Federal Capital Territory so as to make education of the child a joint responsibility between the home and the school. Parent-Teachers’ Association was described as a mechanism in the advancement of education. He therefore called on the parents to be part of that driving droce which is devoted to education. Parents group that does not think for itself is not one of great strength. Neither is it in the long run one that contributes significantly to Education. Hence, groups that are motivated by common purpose can gain much through the utilization of the capacity found in them. Submissive power structure is not one that will grapple effective with large issues (Morphet 1981: 221). In a similar related vein Dada (1971: 175) saw Parent-Teachers’ Associations as â€Å"important and effective in fostering parents education, child welfare, further school improvement, home and community cooperation and interpreting school to public in general†. This to the researcher is related to the study especially in its contribution towards enlightenment of the public. For any association to fulfill such a task, it must be made part of the policy and decision making body more than what obtains now on the same note, Stearns as cited in Grant (1993) noted that: â€Å"involvement of the parents in the formal education of their children is good for the children, good for the school and good for the community. † However, Stearns failed to elaborate to what extent it would be good to the beneficiaries. One would have expected a more detailed and comprehensive analysis on the possible effect of Parent Teacher Associations involvement in Education. Despite its inadequacy, yet, it would assist in strengthening the parent-Teacher’s Associations which would pave way to create and solidify a sound school community relationship. As contained in the Bye laws of the United States National Congress of parents, the objectives for setting up a Parent-Teacher Association are as follows: a. To promote the welfare of children and youth in the home, church and community; b. To raise the standards of home life; c. To secure adequate laws for the care and protection of children and youth; d. To bring into closer relation the home and the school that parents and teachers may co-operate intelligently in the training of the child. e. To develop between educators and the general public such united efforts as well as to secure advantages in physical, mental, social and spiritual education. The primary and secondary purpose of organizing Parent-Teacher Associations according to Moechlman (1997) agreed with the above objectives. The primary function is that of serving as a clearing house for the presentation and discussion of educational problems in order and contact develop greater understanding of the individual child and better cooperation for the effective solution of educational problems. The secondary function of Parent-Teacher Associations should be given a more articulated role in the management of schools in the Federal Capital Territory in order to achieve those laudable objectives since they do not in any way differ from those upheld by the country way differ from those upheld by the control and Federal Capital Territory in particular so as to enhance parents contribution (moral and otherwise) to supplement government efforts towards improvement of education of their children. Nigeria’s present education system accorded high priority to self reliance and communal participation in the development of their environment just like many other developing countries. Modern educators have unequivocally reiterated the desired need for teachers to have a forum with the parents of the pupils they teach for a common understanding. Woodbury (1979) said that â€Å"it appears vital that professional educators and boards of education acquire a better understanding of value structure of their own community and make every effort to develop educational goals or alternative programmes to recognize these values†. He went on to add that parent-Teacher Associations serves as a place where parents could get more information on how to deal with problems of their children. From the above, one may conclude that parent- Teacher Associations is to educate and make parents more informed about school activities thereby to create an avenue to change the attitudes of most parents against Western type of education which hithro has been negative, and also to instill in the minds of parents the quest for knowledge so as to have an enlightened society. In view of the above, the relevance of Parent Teacher Associations to schools could be seen in the material, financial and moral assistance given to school in various communities in the country as highlighted by the following national dailies; Nigerian standard, June 2, 1979 Daily Sketch, February 16, 1979, Sunday Punch, May 11, 1980 and Daily Times May 9, 1980 and so on. Durojaiye (1976) while analyzing the relevance of parent teacher associations stressed that teachers and parents have the most important influence during the critical period of child’s life. In Europe, especially in England and Wales, Parent-Teacher Association played a prominent role in the development of Education by reflecting the interest and welfare of schools and extra curricular activates. King (1979) stressed on the importance of parent Teachers Associations in British Education where it encourage all aspects of home and school cooperation through school association involving parents. Dubey et al (1979) has it that â€Å"parents exercised the strongest influence over the lives of their children in schools even when they go abroad for studies† According to the Parent Teacher Association president Unger of Scotch Plains, New Jersely, as cited by Omisore (1991) that â€Å" the association provided parents with the strongest voice they can have no children issues, adding that the National parent Teacher Association is the largest children advocacy associations in America†. It would be of relevance therefore for parents all to stand and speak with a single voice on matter affecting education of their children. They may become militant in demand for more recognition to participate actively in policy making organ of the ministry provided they are solidified and articulated. Parent-Teachers Association could as well be of use to assist governments in general and schools in particular to solve issues of students unrest and secret societies in the country’s institution of students unrest in Nigeria today is largely due to lack of proper home training and parental care for the moral well-being of the young ones. On a landscape, Parent-Teachers Association of tomorrow for the nation. Generally the periods between 1970s and the early parts of 1980s could be regarded as the period which marked the beginning in the establishment of parent teachers Association for various communities in the country. Parent Teacher Associations witnessed an unprecedented upsurge during the later part of 1980s in Federal Capital Territory due to a higher level of public enlightenment achieved with the contribution of the Agency for mass Education in the Federal Capital Territory. It is in view of the relevance of the Parent Teachers’ Association as one of the Doll went further in suggesting the following measures to be considered by principals: 1. Assess community needs. 2. Identify various community organizations that are engaged in educating citizens 3. Isolate areas of mutual interests to avoid duplication. 4. Initiate Joint efforts and actions between and among organization. 5. Establish a coordinating council that serves as a clearing house for service exchange. 6. Help the teachers prepare for Parent Teacher Associations conferences and make readily available information concerning its procedures. 7. Pin-point areas of contacts with the schools. 8. Initiate cooperative programmes between the Parent-Teacher Associations of other schools. As indicated somewhere else earlier in this chapter for any association to succeed, it must uphold the needs, aspirations and ideas of the community where it is rooted. Many social clubs have seriously embarked on organizing and education community members to become literate in the Federal Capital Territory. However, it must be stressed clearly that the activities of parent Teachers Associations and that of the old students Associations be stream-lined to avoid duplication of both human and material resources. There are Parent-Teacher Association’s councils at district level, local government towards coordinating parent-teacher association’s activates. A more realistic means of encouraging teachers to prepare actively for parent teachers association’s conferences is to make them to present papers during such occasions. This may likely instill a sense of recognition of its activities. Ukeje (1984) indicated clearly that initiative school principals are able to solve many disciplinary problems s among student and teachers bent on tarnishing the good image of the school by the assistance and involvement of the parent-teacher associations. . 8School and Community Relationship Education is the responsibility of the community, the state and the nation in general. Therefore, the formation of a Parent-Teacher Associations should cut, across the various sections of the society in order to achieve the maximum support and co-operation of all concerned. Musaazi (1982)-237) was of the view that the relationships between the school and the community are important to the all round growth and development of both pupils and adults. However, when uncertainties arise about the progress of their children or the school in general, their anxiety and indeed that of the community as a whole is usually freely expressed, and there can be no doubt about their concern. (Durojaiye 1976:27) expressly stated that there is â€Å"no disagreement among students of child development and students of education and the society that of all the agencies of the society which affect children, the home and the school exert the strongest and most pervasive influence†. In view of the assertion, it becomes imperative that the school and the community should be more closely related in matters affecting the education and welfare of the children. A most effective means is when student’s clubs, organizations and societies. Invite parents for example, the young farmers club to demonstrate modern farming techniques to the community. The school could as well serve as a vehicle in the promotion of the culture, music and history of the community through the curriculum with the view of the communal suspicion on Western type of education. Our modern educational system demands that, schools whether government owned, private or community should involve parents is the policy making body of the institution. It was observed that: The new idea of the democratic school system implies that citizens of a community have the responsibility not only to finance the schools, but also to participate in determining educational goals and objectives and in building curriculum that will truly meet the need of children and youth. It is the function of the home, school and the community to settle such problems together Leibermen (1960:112). The above quotation does not only suggest that active participation of the community in school activities. It categorically indicated that the condition between the school and community may centre around the curriculum. However, if communities are to be more functional in educational issues and also to play the roles expected of them in the management of education in Federal Capital Territory, therefore, communities should to some certain extent dictate what is to be taught because, schools are part of the community. But parent-Teacher Associations as a democratic organ representing the community is being marginalized and restricted from participating in policies by the ministry of education. While acknowledging the relationship between education and society, he fully commented that, the child may come to school ill-equipped for and hostile to learning under any educational regime, but for most part his educability depends as much as on the assumptions, values and aims personified in the teachers, and embodied in the school organization in to which he is supposed to assimilate himself, as those he brings with him from his home Wiseman (1971:168). One may observe that the teacher, the school, the child and his home are to make significant contributions towards child’s success in the school for the overall attainment of the national educational objective. The place of co-operation between the community and the school in any educational venture can not be over-emphasized. It is presumed that both homes and schools could effectively co-operate to tackle any problem(s) likely to arise, be it academic or otherwise. Schools, according to Tarrant (1981) should rise to integrate the child successfully in to his immediate community. This may not seem to be an easy task especially that schools were in the past isolated from their communities which they tend to serve. Traditionally, schools were often sited and built too far away from towns. In an attempt to correct this demanding trend, the concepts of ‘Ujma’a’ and ‘Herambeeism’ philosophies is suggested as practiced both in Tanzania and Kenya respectively so as to fully involve and the integrate the schools in to their communities. For communities to full accommodate schools, they should from now be involved in the administration and management of schools particularly in the Federal Capita Territory and all other facets of policy making to meet the needs of the people. The achievement recorded in Kenya and Tanzania in the fielf of Polytechnic Education is a drive towards self reliance and could be attributed to the level of communal involvement to develop their countries. However, in fostering an effective and sound school community relationship, is pertinent to make ourselves abreast with the community characteristics regarding its philosophy of education. It is for that reason that Bullock as cited in grant (1973) summaries such community knowledge by appraising the following questions:- 1. What is the general community level of approval of the school programme? 2. What kind of educational philosophy does the community hold? 3. What degree of prestige do teachers as an occupational class hold in the community? 4. What kind of community is this with regard to such characteristics as cohesiveness and unity of action? 5. How does the community define the role of the school administrations? . How receptive is the community to charge? From the above questions asked by Bultock, it could be asserted that the educational philosophy upheld by a particular community should have a bearing on the school curriculum. The educational content must therefore work towards the upliftment of the educational level of the general populace of the federal capital territory. This also accounts to why Islamic education and some aspects of commercial education dominated the western type of education in the sate. Similarly, one may as well add that parents accept school programmes readily, yet they need to have a say in the educational aspects affecting their children to demonstrate that they are receptive to charge and innovation it is sad to note that teachers were not highly respected most especially by the society. A possible reason could be because they are poorly paid. In additiona, cox et al (1961), Beck (1968) and Jamnala (1970) viewed school as a miniature society which must reflect the values and aspirations of their communities in all ramifications. They further maintained that the relationship between school and the community be reciprocal. This, however, when applied to education could mean that our educational systems be geared towards upholding our cherished values and ideals which are to be attained by the child (learner). For schools to do this effectively they need to establish a very sound rapport and understanding with their communities and such should from the base for parents participation in actual school administration and policy making. It is equally sad to note that there was not substantial input in to education by the community, hence there seemed to be little contact between them, thereby depriving the schools of their cultural foundation. 2. 9 Organization and Composition of Parent-Teachers’ Association The organization of a local Parent-Teacher Associations is very important as it will affect its success. However, the question that comes to mind is; who should hold membership in Parent-Teacher Association? In the light of the above, it was suggested that. The organization of a local parent-teachers’ association may be initiated by any one of several individuals or agencies. The most common are the school principal, the school staff, parents and some part or all of the school staff, the parent-teachers’ association council fro the area, and the board of education in terms of policy requiring the organization of such a parent-leaded group Hymes (1953). Schools are naturally dealing with the lives of pupils. Though membership in to the association is automatic and free to members of the society, care must be exercised while electing persons to hold responsibilities in the organization. Parent Teachers Association should consist of people of exemplary characters whose lives are centered towards serving humanity. Equally, such members must be honest, trustworthy and reliable. Afolayan (1982) seemed to be more accurate and precise on the organization and composition of parent-teachers’ associations. He opined that, normally members of association consist of teachers and the parents of the students in the school. Since membership is free and automatic for members (teachers in a given school). It could be regarded as unethical on the part of any professional teacher not to attend parent-teachers Associations meetings. Hymes (1953) while writing on the appropriate time parent-teacher association meetings suggested: 1. At the start of the school year during which school programmes can be relayed to the parents. 2. At the end of the school calendar year to give progress report on students’ achievements to the parents. These two suggestions by Hymes though reasonable, but are naive. Parent-Teacher Associations meetings may be convened by various secondary schools depending upon the needs and the circumstances surrounding the need to call such meeting. 2. 0 Review of Some Parent Teachers’ Associations Constitutions Organizations are government and guided by constitutions and standing orders to assist and give them a general sense of direction in the discharge of their functions. Constitutions governing the activities of Parent Teachers Association of some selected states were reviewed and contrasted against that of Federal Capitatl Territory. The ideal of comparing these constitutions was to find out if the constitutions governing parent-teacher associations in the Federal Capital Territory are adequate or otherwise. The Federal Capital Territory Ministry of Education provided a constitution which served as a framework for the effective functioning of Parent Teacher Associations in all the post primary schools. Under this document (see Appendix iii) the aims and objectives of the Parent Teacher Associations were spelt in article iii and it included. a. To provide the platform for parents, guardians, sponsors and teachers of students of Nigeria primary, secondary, and tertiary Educational Institutions to meet, exchange views, deeply analyze issues, make recommendations, take and effectively pursue. Implementation of decisions on matters affecting education in Nigeria with the appropriate agencies. b. To co-operate with and support morally and financially the Federal, State and Local governments, Ministries, Boards, commissions, and all other appropriate organization institutions and establishments of education to achieve high standards of academic performance discipline, morality, service and integrity in our schools. c. To provide a forum for both parents and teachers to hold useful discussions on matters affecting school, students and staff with a view to ensuring a conducive atmosphere for effective teaching – learning and peaceful co-existence in the school. d. To help in any way possible to supplement government efforts in the provision of facilities that helps the school in the discharge of its basic functions and encourages both staff and students in the pursuit of knowledge. e. To bring closer union between parents and teachers of the school. The above aims and objectives of parent-teacher associations when contrasted with those provided by primary schools management board in establishing parent-teacher associations in all its primary schools, it appeared that the aims and objectives provided by the mother ministry of education in running and establishing similar associations proved inadequate. Parent-Teacher Associations should encourage and involve parents to take keep interest in the education of their children as outlined in the guidelines on the establishment and running of parent teacher associations in primary schools. It is important to involve parents to take â€Å"keen interest† in the education of their children government policies on education may not be realized in view of the enormous cost being incurred by government in the management of secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory. However, in a similar vain, the draft governing constitution and standing orders of the National Parent Teachers’ Association of Nigeria (National PTA) is more comprehensive, detailed and informative. This may be so because everything national should have a broader base to accommodate the numerous diversity of It is also important for both parents and educators to have a clearly defined area of operation in school management to achieve results. Teachers need the educational understanding of the parents, and parents too need the social understanding of teachers in realizing the educational objectives and welfare of the children. There are four tiers of Parent Teacher Association administration and operational hierarchy in Nigeria. They include: 1. Schools of institutional parents Teacher Association. Every School or educational institution in every state and the mayoralty of the Federal Capital Territory of the Federal Teacher Association consisting of parents, guardians, sponsors and teacher of the pupils/students registered therein. 2. Central Parent Teacher Association (CPTA). The chairman and Treasurers of PTAS plus and Academic heads of schools and educational institutions in each local government education District shall constitute the parent Teacher Association at the local Government Education District level. The Local Administrator of Education and such other Educational agencies shall be represented in all their meetings but shall have no voting right. 3. State Parent Teacher Association of the local Government Education Districts throughout each state shall constitute the State Parent Teacher Association of the state. 4. National parent Teacher Association of Nigeria. All State parent Teacher Association Chairman, Treasurers and General Secretaries plus not more than five observers from each State except the hasting state which may exceed five observers to receive the delegates, shall constitute the National body. The Federal Ministry of Education and other relevant educational agencies shall be represented without voting rights. Parent Teacher’s Association (P. T. A. ) saw education as the key to human development and both parents and teachers were determined to send their children, wards or relatives to schools at any cost. Therefore, the role of P. T. A. of those days under the umbrella of Nigerian indigenous mission members. 5. That Parent-Teacher Association functions are not identified in relationship with the development of secondary education in the Federal Capital Territory. . Parents have adequate perception of their role in the activity of parent Teacher Association. 7. Parent Teacher Association members may not be aware of other more important functions of the associations. ? CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 3. 1 Introduction In this chapter, the researcher takes a look at the research design, the population of the study and the sampling procedures. This chapte r also covers the instrumentation, method of data collection and method of statistical analysis. 3. 2 Research Design The research design used in this study is a descriptive survey because the concern of the researcher is to determine the role of the Parent Teacher Association in the management of primary schools. According to Awotunde Ugodulunwa (2004), the concern of descriptive research is not why the observed distribution exist but what the distribution is. 3. 3 Population of the Study The population for this study includes the administrator, the teacher and parent population of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory. This population is estimated at 10,000. 3. 4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique A total number of 240 respondents were used for the study distributed among five primary schools in the area council. They were randomly selected for the study. This sample size was distributed between teachers, administrators and parents on the basis of the ratio 3:1:1. 3. 5 Instrumentation A self-developed questionnaire was used to gather the data for this study. The questionnaire is very potent because it affords the researcher the opportunity to establish some rapport with the respondents. The questionnaire was designed along a four-point likert scale to elicit the response of in terms of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The questionnaire was divided into two major sections. Section one contain request for respondent’s biodata while section 2 which is further subdivided on the basis of the research questions asked is targeted towards eliciting the views of respondents on the role performed by PTA in the development of primary schools. 3. 6 Validity of the Instrument The face and content validity was carried out by the project supervisor in the Faculty of Education of the University of Abuja was consulted to vet and correct some items that might be vague and ambiguous. 3. 7Reliability of the Instrument Pilot study was carried out to determine the reliability of the instrument. Twenty (20) members of the main population for the pilot study but such sample schools will not participate in the main study. Analysis of the response from the pilot study was carried out by using the split-half method of determining reliability indices. A simple correlation of the odd and even responses provided the reliability index of 0. 84. This provides evidence of the reliability of the instrument. 3. 8 Method Data Collection The questionnaire will be administered by the researcher with the aid of two research assistants. All completed questionnaires will be collected on the spot. The responses will be scored as stated below: Strongly Agree -4 Agree-3 Disagree-2 Strongly Disagree-1 3. 9 Method of Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used in the analysis of data gathered using the questionnaire. This statistics include simple percentages and frequencies. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4. 1. Introduction In this chapter, all secondary and primary data collected were analyzed using percentages and frequency counts, result are being presented and findings discussed. The data collected from the teachers and parents have been preserved. 4. 2. Demographic Data Table 4. 1: Distribution of Respo ndents According to Gender GenderFrequencyPercentage (%) Male16766. 8 Female8333. 2 Total250100 The table above shows the number of male and female respondents. Male respondent totaled 167 representing 66. % while female respondents totaled 83 representing 33. 2% respectively. Table 4. 2 Distribution of Respondents among Administrators, Teachers and Parents CategoryFrequencyPercentage (%) Admin156. 0 Teachers7329. 2 Parents16264. 8 Total250100 The table above clearly showed that more respondents were parents; for instance, one hundred and sixty two (162) parents representing 64. 8% of the sample were parents while the respondents from the teacher is seventy three 73 representing 29. 2% and below the cadre the administrator with respondents of only 15 representing 6. 9%.

Tolkiens Middle Earth Essay Example For Students

Tolkiens Middle Earth Essay In a discussion of great literary minds of the twentieth century, there is one name that always stands out. J. R. R. Tolkiens classic story Lord of the Rings is the measuring block by which all other fictional works of the twentieth century are compared. His engrossing characters, beautiful descriptions, and intriguing plot have enraptured generations of avid readers. The most endearing quality of the epic is Tolkiens ingenious use of archetypes, most notably the quest hero. Frodo Baggins possesses all of the qualities of a quest hero: courage, loyalty, and an unwavering sense of duty and responsibility. Frodo possesses loyalty and a willingness to act under the direction of others who may know better than he, even when he doesnt understand what it is he is being asked to do. He agrees to keep the ring in his possession after Bilbo leaves the Shire, he even accepts Gandalfs demand that the never use it, even though he has seen Bilbo do so many times. Frodo even accepts the horrible t ask laid on him by Elrond to bring the ring to Mount Doom deep in the heart of Mordor, the one place that he should fear above all others. I will take the Ring, he said, though I do not know the way (Tolkien 324) Frodo is willing to take this responsibility on himself, he doesnt even realize that he has no idea where to even begin his task.The hobbit is undyingly loyal to his comrades, even when their own minds lead them astray. We will write a custom essay on Tolkiens Middle Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Boromir corners Frodo and proceeds to beg, demand, and then attempt to take the ring from him. Even though Frodo could have given in to Boromir, indeed he even wanted to be rid of his burden, he knew that the ring was his alone to bear, and that it would destroy the proud Boromir if he were to use it. He knows his place in the company, and he is determined to never let his companions down through his own weakness. Frodos strongest quality is his unnaturally strong sense of responsibility. Even when separated from the rest of the company, and with only his faithful friend Sam Gamgee at his side, Frodo presses on, finding a way into Mordor, something no sane person would ever want to do. No matter how desolate his situation became, no matter how hungry, tired and injured he was, Frodo never wavered from his goal. His face was grim set, but resolute. He was filthy, haggard, and pinched with weariness, but he cowered no longer, and his eyes were clear. I purpose to enter Mordor, and I knowno other way. Therefore I shall go this way, I do not ask anyone to go with me. (Tolkien 289)Frodo always swore to finish what he started. Gandalf put the ring into his care, so he believed that the destruction of the ring was his duty. He had to undertake this impossible quest for the good of a world that looked at his race as a joke of a species. Frodos own companion, his dearest friend Sam, eagerly wished for his master to turn away from his dreadful task. Sam begs and pleads with Frodo, does all he can to try and sway his master, always trying wanting to turn Frodo away from Mordor and certain death. But the determined hobbit will not be swayed, Heres the gate, and it looks to me as if thats about as far as we are ever going to get! (Tolkien 288) Still Frodo pressed on, he knew in his heart that he had to complete his quest, no matter the odds against him. .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .postImageUrl , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:hover , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:visited , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:active { border:0!important; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:active , .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4 .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81c00f95368eb6eebfc56f9e5d9eacb4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of Education to My Life EssayProbably Frodos most heroic quality is his inhuman, or rather, inhobbit courage. Again and again he presses on in the face of danger. Whether under attack by one of the nazgul, the giant spider Shelob, or the obsessed Smeagol, Frodo perseveres. He always manages to defeat or escape from certain death, carrying on his all-important task. Frodos quest changes him in this respect. At the beginning of his journey, Frodo appears as nothing but a scared little hobbit, grateful for Aragorns protection. By the time of his struggle with Gollum on Mount Doom, he feels

About the U.S. Census Bureau

About the U.S. Census Bureau There are a lot of people in the United States, and its not easy keeping track of them all. But one agency tries to do just that: the U.S. Census Bureau. Conducting the Decennial CensusEvery 10 years, as required by the U.S. Constitution, the Census Bureau conducts a head count of all the people in the U.S. and asks them questions to help learn more about the country as a whole: who we are, where we live, what we earn, how many of us are married or single, and how many of us have children, among other topics. The data collected isnt trivial, either. It is used to apportion seats in Congress, distribute federal aid, define legislative districts and help federal, state and local governments plan for growth. A Massive and Costly TaskThe next national census in the United States will be in 2010, and it wont be an insignificant undertaking. It is expected to cost more than $11 billion, and around 1 million part-time employees will be enlisted. In a bid to increase data collection efficiency and processing, the 2010 census will be the first to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability. Formal planning for the 2010 survey, including trial runs in California and North Carolina, begins two years before the survey. History of the CensusThe first U.S. census was taken in Virginia in the early 1600s, when America was still a British colony. Once independence was established, a new census was needed to determine who, exactly, comprised the nation; that occurred in 1790, under then-Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. As the nation grew and evolved, the census became more sophisticated. To help plan for growth, to assist with tax collection, to learn about crime and its roots and to learn more information about peoples lives, the census began asking more questions of people. The Census Bureau was made a permanent institution in 1902 by an act of Congress. Composition and Duties of the Census BureauWith about 12,000 permanent employees-and, for the 2000 Census, a temporary force of 860,000-the Census Bureau is headquartered in Suitland, Md. It has 12 regional offices in Atlanta, Boston, Charlotte, N.C., Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Kan., Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Seattle. The bureau also operates a processing center in Jeffersonville, Ind., as well as call centers in Hagerstown, Md., and Tucson, Ariz., and a computer facility in Bowie, Md. The Bureau falls under the auspices of the Department of Commerce and is headed by a director who is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The Census Bureau doesnt operate strictly for the benefit of the federal government, however. All of its findings are available to and for use by the public, academia, policy analysts, local and state governments and business and industry. Though the Census Bureau may ask questions that seem exceedingly personal-about household income, for example, or the nature of ones relationships to others in a household-the information collected is kept confidential by federal law and is used simply for statistical purposes. In addition to taking a complete census of the U.S. population every 10 years, the Census Bureau conducts several other surveys periodically. They vary by geographic region, economic strata, industry, housing and other factors. Some of the many entities that use this information include the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Social Security Administration, the National Center for Health Statistics and the National Center for Education Statistics. The next federal census taker, called an enumerator, likely wont come knocking on your door until 2010, but when he or she does, remember that they are doing more than just counting heads. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films and restaurants.

How to Write What Is Truth Philosophy Essay

How to Write What Is Truth Philosophy Essay What Is Truth? General guidelines for composing a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ Tips on how to start writing How to write an outline How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to finish a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ Tips on conclusion writing Tips on revision What is Truth? (Philosophy essay sample) General guidelines for composing a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ To write a perfect essay, begin with a clear statement of the given inquiry (in this case, on ‘What Is Truth?). The inquiry should be stated. However, it is wise to give a reasonable statement in the first and second paragraph on how you intend on addressing the question and which approach of the question you intend to take. Secondly, state your position and defend your answer. Defend it with reason, arguments, and relevant information. Lastly, identify and formulate the strongest potential objection(s) showing its strength to refute your position. Tips on how to start writing Start by outlining how you want to argue. Your philosophy essay should demonstrate a logical progression of ideas making it easy for the reader to follow. Once your outline is determined, select specific words that will transmit your intentions to the reader. Substantiate your claims whenever you think your critics will not grant them. And when paraphrasing or quoting, always give credit. Indicate your indebtedness for general ideas, specific lines of argument and particular words. How to write an outline It can be challenging to start a paper with an outline primarily. Nonetheless, once one has written a draft, it is relatively easy to go back and outline it. An overview gives the writer a sketch of the paper and aids in work organization. Below is how the outline can be organized. I. Introduction (Include the problem statement and approachesb to be taken) II. Arguments/Reasons Argument/Reason 1 Support your point Argument/Reason 2 Support your point Argument/Reason 3 Support your point III. Strongest challenge(s) to your position IV. Arguments/Reasons showing why the strongest challenge does not make your reason incorrect V. Conclusion How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ The sentence or short paragraph that stresses your stance on a particular issue, particularly, the position you will argue for in your paper is the thesis statement. To write a thesis statement, one needs to determine their position. This is done by thoroughly reviewing relevant course materials, evaluating and analyzing arguments on both sides and ultimately developing your take on the issue. It is exigent that you describe your thesis before you continue writing. This is because your thesis guides you throughout the entire writing process- everything you write should somehow contribute to its defense. How to write an introduction The introductory paragraph is the most important paragraph in your essay. It ought to be fifty words long or five sentences minimum. An introductory paragraph is written by first introducing the topic. Second, grab the reader’s attention (a hook). And third, have a solid thesis statement which holds three points you will discuss. Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis When writing an introduction, you need to: Say something unusual Do not repeat the title Ensure the introduction is brief Cite thoroughly but not excessively Refer to a problem or concern your reader might have How to write body paragraphs Naturally, body paragraphs develop the paper’s main idea in a series of paragraphs. To write a body paragraph, the writer’s chosen topic must be explained, described and argued. All main ideas written down in the outline make the body paragraph. Bear in mind; body paragraphs support, prove, and explain your paper’s thesis statement or argumentative claim. Tips on body writing Create an outline (to organize your ideas and maintain your focus on the central topic) Organize your paper so that each paragraph groups together similar ideas and doesn’t mix unrelated topics Conduct research Remember keywords Explain your argument’s significance How to finish a philosophy essay on ‘What is Truth’ One concludes an essay by summarizing their argument and restating their thesis. In the conclusion section, make an effort in convincing the reader that the thesis is established and a cogent argument is offered in its defense. Alternatively put, one finishes a paper by restating the main idea along with the thesis statement, summarizing the essay’s sub-points, and leaving the reader with an interesting final impression. Tips on conclusion writing To conclude your essay correctly, follow the tips below. Summarize the essay’s key points Ask an exasperating question Utilize quotations Call for some action Conclude with a caution Generalize (contrast with different circumstances) Suggest consequences or results Tips on revision Examine your essay’s balance Check your paper’s organization Check your facts (are they all accurate) Check your conclusion (does your conclusion tie the paper together) Utilize spell-check to correct errors What is Truth? (Philosophy Essay Sample) I. Introduction ‘Truth’ has many meanings, yet the most widely recognized definitions allude to a position of being in observance of reality or facts. There exist different paradigms, rules and criteria by which individuals’ critic the truth a statement professes to affirm. The issue is how individuals can be guaranteed that they are in observance of realities or facts when every human mind manipulates, falsifies and perceives what it chooses to interpret see, or hear. Possibly an enhanced description of truth can be an accord of a conclusion by numerous people regarding the realities and facts in question. II. Discussion Truth is unique to an individual. For me, feeling hungry is more truthful than 10+10=20. No truth can objectively be confirmed – factual or otherwise – plus the yardsticks by which humans classify truths are consistently subjective and relative. What people deem as true, whether in art, morality, or science, varies with the existing intellectual current, and is consequently established by social, technological, and cultural yardsticks of that given epoch. Ultimately, humankind is both unique and fallible, and whatever information we uncover, factual or not is revealed by humanity’s’, finite, predetermined mind. The nearest truth is one where we have reached consent because of our social conditioning and related educations. For this reason, truths frequently don’t exchange among cultures. This idea is closely linked to ‘conceptual relativism’ – a far-reaching progression of Kant’s knowledge which asserts while studying a language we discover new ways regarding worldly interpretation, and hence, speaking another language inhabits a separate prejudiced world. I believe our characterization of truth should be increasingly versatile than Descartes, Plato or other philosophers. To me, the pragmatic theory of truth hits home. It affirms that truth is whatever is fitting; if another new idea is more fitting, it becomes truer. This theory is one Nietzsche almost accepted. There being no objective truth frees us to create our truths. In citation to Sartre’s existentialism, individuals aren’t confined by objectivity; instead, the absences of immutable, unending, truths enable us to formulate ‘truth’ for ourselves. I believe ‘Truth’ is personal. Your truth and my truth share no basic pertinence to each other. Since truth is personal and cognitive, it does play a more decisive and unique position in giving life significance; I am liberated to select my truths, and thus, I frame my life. Without cognitive truth, self-determination is non-existent. III. Conclusion So, to the apparent comprehension that the phrase â€Å"truth† is hugely ambiguous, great care should be taken to eliminate ambiguity in arguments concerning truth.

Business Law - Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - - Term Paper Example The basic premise of this Act is to maintain good competition in the business life of the corporates. Competition Act aims at regulating the competition and defeating the acts by people who have tried to thwart competition in their respective jurisdictions. It has aimed at attempting to draw a line in anti-competitive activities. The Act has been designed in order to pave a way for the extinguishment of anti-competitive activities. The Act had been at the centre of curbing anti-competitive practices which have been performed by the companies who have been trading on in the business circle. â€Å"Legislation enacted by the federal and various state governments to regulate trade and commerce by preventing unlawful restraints, price-fixing, and monopolies; to promote competition; and to encourage the production of quality goods and services at the lowest prices, with the primary goal of safeguarding public welfare by ensuring that consumer demands will be met by the manufacture and sale of goods at reasonable prices.† The new Act defines a ‘dominant position’ ; what constitutes an abuse of such a dominant position and how are they interrelated. As mentioned in the Competition Act, being of the nature of a dominant enterprise does not constitute to an anti-competitive practice, but the fact when such dominant undertakings misuses their power in the competition to restrict it or to have a negative impact on it amounts to an anti-competitive practice which is prohibited in the Indian competition laws. In the case of N. V. Netherlands Banden Industrie Michelin v. Commission of the European Communities , the question arose to the court as to whether or not an enterprise which is dominant in nature leads to the violation of competition laws prevalent in the EU. It was held that â€Å"an undertaking having a dominant position is not a recrimination but simply means that irrespective of the reasons for which it has such a dominant position,

Biometric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometric - Research Paper Example However, research has shown that the mismatched identification in a whispered speech is due to the phonemes hence providing an unvoiced consonant will prevent this mismatched in whispered identification. Key Words- Voice, Phoneme, Biometric Authentication I. RESEACH QUESTION/PROPOSAL A feature information of enrolled person’s biometric information in biometric authentication is normally enrolled as templates that are stored by secure databases and anti-tampered devices. However, the disadvantage is that biometric information is irrecoverable once compromised. Therefore, there is need to give such information special attention in order to ensure they are safely stored. Also due to increased internet penetration and access by many people has raised a need for the implementation of online biometric authentication i.e. a uniform, secure and reliable method of biometric authentication. Therefore, the research proposal in this case is to identify alternatives for the password-based authentication used in most smart devices today. This kind of authentication is vulnerable and can be compromised hence a proposal to focus and introduce better authentication ways i.e. biometric that uses one’s unique biological and psychological features. ... Mobile devices are being stolen daily, which puts in danger important information that had been stored before. [1]. Therefore, a user will hope that his/her password is strong enough not to be decoded. Biometric authentication is giving a natural alternative to passwords. The wide variety of input sensors that mobile devices include nowadays like microphones, camera, PS, touch screens helps with the implementation of biometric authentication. Businesses are requiring an easy to use but secure authentication for their mobile devices in their corporations as well users around the world. Many of the biometric authentications are strong, but others have their limitations. [2] This paper will discuss and will show an improvement in the authentication of voice recognition. I. BACKGROUND Biometric can be classified in to two major categories based on their characteristics i.e. Behavioral Biometric and Physiological Biometric. Behavioral biometric is the study of the differences in how peopl e do things while physiological biometric is the study of physical uniqueness of individual, which is unlikely to change very easily [3]. A. Importance of Voice Authentication Most of the biometric authentications works with sophisticated equipment that requires the physical presence of the person. For example, Retina biometric authentication needs a camera; which are contained in most smartphones. TABLE 1 PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMETRIC AND BEHAVIOR BIOMETRIC Physiological Biometric Behavioral Biometric Voice Scan Iris Scan Finger Print DNA Matching Facial Scan Retina Scan Hand Scan Keystroke Scan Signature Scan Gait Recognition However, a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) which is complement with ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1-96 and IEC 60825-1 standards for radiation have

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Essay Example for Free

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Essay Philonous, in Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, attacks Hylas arguments toward the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. The distinction between primary and secondary qualities is a peculiarity between qualities which depend for their existence on the relation between an object and a perceptual device. An example of this would be smell and color, which has properties that an object has independently of any perceiver. What objectively, with out bias, exist and what merely subjectively exist? When something is clear and distinct it is true, and when it is not clear and distinct, like sensations that can be interpreted differently, it is false. Berkeley rejects this notion of primary and secondary quality distinction, which implies that material things exist independently of us. Philonous continues to argue against Hylas when he explains that sensible things are defined as those things that are immediately perceived; therefore, eliminating mediated perception. He gives a case by case examination of sensible qualities; such as heat and cold; sound; and colors. None of these qualities contain the ability of pleasure or pain independently because that is an identify we give it; therefore we give it its existence. He rejects Hylas claim that heat is motion, and he also proclaims that color varies with light. Philonous reminds Hylas that causes of ideas are not immediately perceive, and thus are not perceived at all; this makes them non- sensible things. Berkeley aimed to demonstrate that materialism is artificial because we have no reason to believe in the reality of mind autonomous material objects. He attempted to prove that we have no immediate perception of mind-independent material objects, so we have no source on which to assume the existence of mind-independent material objects from our instant experience. One can not imagine of primary qualities in objects totally separately of their secondary qualities. Therefore, primary qualities must exist in the mind, just as secondary qualities do.

The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Essays -- Weimar Repub

The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920’s was a dismal existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of hope in very dark times. He called for a return to â€Å"Fatherland† principles where greater Germany was seen as the center of their universe with zealous pride. Under Hitler’s leadership, Nazi Germany rapidly grew and expanded, continually approaching the goal of world domination and the â€Å"Thousand-Year Reich† that Hitler promised the German people. Only a few years later, Nazi Wehrmacht soldiers could be seen marching the streets from Paris to Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Russia). The German Empire, however, like all other expansive empires, had its limits and int egral components such as resources, manpower, and industrial capacity began to fall in short supply further crippling the Nazi war machine. Basically, by 1944, â€Å"Nazi Germany’s fundamental problem was that she has conquered more territory than she could defend† (Ambrose, 27). Hitler conquered a vast area and vowed to defend every single inch of his empire with every last drop of blood at his disposal. As Frederick the Great warned, â€Å"He who defends everything, defends nothing† (Ambrose, 33). It is interesting to study any empire’s rise and fall because similarities are always present, even with some nations today promising to fight the evil, when it reality, it might be becoming what it vows to fight. The story of the rise of the Thi... ... in is destined for some sort of collapse. Nobody in this world would like to compare their own nation to fascist Germany or any other fallen empire but numerous similarities can be found. There is increasing resistance to the government and its actions which are facilitated by the fact that our Constitution allows us to do so freely. Our social security system is going to collapse in the near future if not efficiently revised as those receiving it continue to grow. Military forces are continually being depleted to maintain order in our occupied territories of Afghanistan and Iraq. Where does the expansion end? The United States can not keep tying up its most vital resources abroad. It is an increasing economic cost that has little hope of decreasing anytime soon. Expansion has proved fatal for all nations throughout history. Are we next? I sure hope not.

Black Men and Public Space Essay

In Brent Staples’ personal essay â€Å"Black Men and Public Space†, he tells the readers what happen to a young black man in an urban setting. He pinpointed that people often stereotype you because of color, race, gender, culture or appearance. In addition, the author expresses to us that he notices the space between him and other people, such as women on the street. Some people may disagree that women set a certain amount of space when walking by a black man on the street. This statement is not true and public space is not about race, gender, color, culture, or appearance. Do we as a people stereotype other people because of race or gender? I believe that race plays a big role when viewing other people, either if were walking down the street or walking into the store. We have a specific view of people from other races and even their own. For example, a black businesswoman might stereotype another woman from her own race because she may not have the same attire as her or grew up in a different area. A white businesswoman might look down on another white women who make less money than her like she is no one, which is not true. But back to Staples’, he once said that a woman cast worried glance at Staples when she saw him walking down the street. Staples found this to be a little strange as he walks too close to the women she seems to pick up her pace of speed after a few glimpses of Staples. In this part of the essay, Staples had a sense that a woman who barely knows him was probably stereotyping him. In addition, he stated that when he would walk in front of a car when people were at a stoplight, men and women would lock their car doors. In recent news in the put exact month it happened year 2013, there was a famous story about a young boy named Trayvon Martin. Trayvon’s story can relate well with the author personal essay. Just like Staples, Travyon was a young African American boy who was stereotyped by the way he looked by someone of another race. The person that speculated young Trayvon to be dangerous was a Latino man, name George Zimmerman who was well over Trayvon’s age, and thought the young boy had a gun in his pocket and was going to shoot him. Zimmerman perceived Trayvon to be a dangerous threat to the person of a different race but in reality he was a young boy with a hoodie over his head and skittles in his pocket. Staples personal essay relates to this story because when he walks into a store or down the street people would look at him in a different light. Just because he is young African American man walking down the street or into the store doesn’t mean he will steal, kill, or rape someone. Instead looking down on people of other races than our own, we other need to be optimistic because not everyone is the same. People shouldn’t have to change their demeanor for other people not to be scared of them because of what they look like or their race. Brent Staples believed that the woman in his personal essay thought he was a rapist, mugger, or worse, he noted that there was a certain amount distance between him and women especially at night. This proves to show that when people are being stereotyped they pay close attention to gender as well as race. You’re less likely to be afraid of a black woman, or any woman, walking down the street at night. When the woman saw a black man it seemed as if she felt trapped and that the narrator closing in on her only made her more anxious and ready to run. Would the situation be the same if a black woman were walking behind her? I believe the situation would be nothing similar to what the narrator experienced. Most people see women as less intimidating than a man. I know if a woman was wearing a hoodie and walking behind me I would be less scared and intimidated than if a man was walking behind me. I think part of that is our perception of the opposite sex. I perceive men as stronger than women, no matter what their race is. It’s just the image that we get from the media, our parents, and our surroundings. Either way people are stereotyped everyday, it doesn’t matter if you are black/white or a man/woman. As a whole we need to stop labeling people by the way they look because one day we might mistake the wrong person that appears to be a good a person but in reality they are the rapist or mugger. So before you decide to give off any perception of anyone by the way they look, you should be optimistic and have an open mind towards other people, but still have guard up.

Failing Public Education In America Education Essay

The American public instruction system is neglecting on the international graduated table. This is no longer the sentiment of merely a few people ; it is being proved clip and clip once more over the old ages by many bureaus describing upon academic accomplishment of pupils worldwide. In this essay, I will back up my claim that the instruction system presently in topographic point is unequal, and that there are many successful theoretical accounts that could be followed in order to reform our system, and accomplish success internationally. Some of the most successful school systems in the universe, such as those in South Korea or Finland, have immensely different patterns from schools in the United States, in things such as length of school twelvemonth and makings required for pedagogues, and the success from these patterns is much greater relatively. I enjoy larning and I succeeded in the public schooling system, but I can candidly impute about all of that success to personal motive. Of class over the old ages I had a few phenomenal instructors, unluckily, they were immensely outnumbered by instructors who did n't care about the success of their pupils in the least spot. I had instructors like Ms. Leighton and Mrs. Friedman, who inspired me to work harder than of all time before and are my motive to go a instructor. On the other terminal of the spectrum, I had instructors like Mrs. Phillips, who believed the schoolroom was her public forum for touting her spiritual beliefs and dedication upon an waxy group of kids, as opposed to learning English, or Mr. Connell, whose category consisted of nil at all related to Geometry. He would speak his cell phone and topographic point commands for points on EBay, while the pupils were left to their ain devices. I can retrieve from a really immature age that I was actively engaged in school. I loved everything about school, the societal interaction, the new experiences, and particularly the acquisition of cognition. I was non matched in enthusiasm by any of my fellow pupils until the 2nd class. That was when I met Daye. Daye ‘s household had moved here from South Korea merely a couple hebdomads before the school twelvemonth started. Daye completed her work rapidly and expeditiously, and managed to be personable with the instructor and her fellow pupils, even though she was non talking her native linguistic communication. I can candidly state, for a seven twelvemonth old, she was more dedicated to her instruction than any individual I have of all time met, even to this twenty-four hours. Even though I was really immature at the clip, this was the first clip I had of all time felt challenged academically. I was self-motivated to maintain gait with Daye, chiefly because I refused to be 2n d best. And despite the fact that she challenged me, or possibly because of it, she became my best friend. Her household moved off the following twelvemonth, and we did n't maintain in touch. Possibly holding a pen buddy was excessively dashing a undertaking for eight twelvemonth olds, even for childs every bit motivated as us. As I furthered in my instruction beyond simple school, I started to detect a difference in my instructors. The older I got, the less interested they seemed in their occupations. Of class a few instructors were still involved with their pupils, and challenged them to work harder than accomplishing at the course of study ‘s low criterions, but the remainder merely acted as though instruction was merely a manner to pay the measures, and nil else. In the 6th class, I clearly remember one of my instructors, upon being told by a pupil that they could non read, she merely shrugged and walked off. I was smart and a good pupil ; I was besides despairing for the attending of my instructors. I would raise my manus for every inquiry that was asked, merely to have a simple â€Å" right or wrong. † By the clip I reached high school, even I had lost the motive I one time had. I still completed all of my work to the best of my ability, but all of the enthusiasm I one time held for my instruction was gone. Equally shortly as the school allowed, I started taking advanced arrangement and awards categories. There, I found instructors who cared about their pupils, and other pupils who really wanted to larn. The remainder of the school still consisted of all the things I had grown to resent. I ‘m certain I was told about hebdomadal about how my school was rated among the best public high schools in the state, with their star jocks with 3rd grade reading degrees and the D norms required to take part in athleticss or â€Å" honor pupils † with straight A ‘s, three out of their four categories being Gym, Weightlifting, and Fitness Principles, all of which they could take every semester throughout high school. I had found advanced arrangement categories to be an flight from my disappointment each twenty-four hours, but I was non convinced that thi s is what school should be ; I ‘m still non convinced. Over half of my category graduated with awards ; I ‘m certain that was a hard effort sing approximately 90 % of work was graded on completeness as opposed to correctness, but the school bragged about it however. Success of a school should n't be based upon an award winning football squad or the ability for most pupils in classs nine through 12s to go through a trial based on the reading, authorship, and arithmetic accomplishments that should hold been mastered by 6th class. I know from both the statistics and from friends and household that my school is non the lone one of such low quality or substandard patterns, but that it represents our state ‘s public schools as a whole in most instances. My sister Teachs 6th grade math in Baltimore, and has told me on several occasions about how non merely herself, but even English instructors, are non allowed by the disposal to rectify kids ‘s grammar, and that her pupils come to her category with math accomplishments accommo dating that of a 2nd or 3rd grader, but she is expected to hold them prepared for the 7th class by the terminal of the twelvemonth. Teachers at my sister ‘s school are told non to rectify the kids ‘s grammar in fright of aching their feelings, but if no 1 corrects them in school, what are the opportunities that kids form these accomplishments by the clip they enter the work force? Administrative policies, non single instructors, are to fault for the low criterion of instruction. What instructors could genuinely be motivated to learn in a system where wage class is non based upon success or consequences, merely clip physically spent in the schoolroom? The public school system is neglecting both nationally and in single provinces. Among the international rankings every bit late as 2010, the United States ranks fourteenth in reading, 25th in mathematics, and seventeenth in scientific discipline ( Shepherd ) . The United States is non even within the top 10 of any mensural topic. The top five states in the universe for instruction include South Korea, Finland, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan ( Shepherd ) . Twenty-five per centum of United States high school pupils fail to graduate within the allotted four old ages, and as the Miami Herald states it, â€Å" many of those who do graduate are ill-prepared for the demands of college and calling, † ( Bush ) . Why are other states turn outing more successful in their instruction patterns? House Education and Labor Chairman, George Miller, claims, â€Å" The difference between the states at the top of these rankings and the U.S. is that the states who are surpassing us have made developing the best instruction system in the universe a national goalaˆÂ ¦They ‘ve recognized that the strength of their economic system will be inextricably tied to the strength of their instruction system in the twenty-first century, † ( Graves ) . This is evidently support for the fact that instruction should go a greater precedence in this state. As George Miller stated above, a successful instruction system in bend leads to a successful economic system. Any significant addition in quality of instruction would straight ensue in economic addition in the millions, merely in the following few decennaries ( Graves ) . Despite passing some of the highest sums globally on instruction, we are still n on wining, imparting to the thought that the support is non the job, but how it is being put to utilize ( Bush ) . One author, Amy Richards studies, â€Å" 25 per centum of the United States population is functionally illiterate, unable to confer with a dictionary, to read marks or follow basic written waies, † ( Richards ) Based upon recent nose count informations, the population of the United States is about 311,591,917, which harmonizing to Richards ‘ claim, means that there are about 77,897,979 people in the United States entirely that are illiterate ( Google Public Data Explorer ) . That is surely a huge figure of people, and an unexpected figure for such a developed state as the United States. One account as to why precisely our public school systems are neglecting is the being of zero-tolerance policies for regulations within schools, which in bend lead to increased rates of suspension and ejection. Amy Richards cites the illustration, â€Å" Philadelphia provides a perfect instance survey in interior metropolis instruction, throw outing pupils at a rate of three 100 per twenty-four hours. On norm, pupils are about four old ages behind in reading degree in Philadelphia, † ( Richards ) . Higher rates of suspension and ejection mean one thing for the instruction system, less pupils are in the schoolroom acquisition. Richards cites Philadelphia as an illustration, nevertheless the same tendency can be found in inner-city school systems throughout the state. One school system that critics argue is really much the gilded criterion is that of Finland. Finland ranks 2nd in both reading and mathematics severally, but ranks highest in scientific discipline in the universe ( Shepherd ) . One compelling statement for Finland ‘s success in instruction is the fact that private schools do non be, even on the university degree. There are really few independent schools in being, but even those are all publically funded. What this means is that all pupils in Finland are having an equal instruction, that which can non be elevated by any tuition fee ( Partanen ) . Pasi Sahlberg is the manager of the Finnish Ministry of Education ‘s Center for International Mobility and has late authored the book Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? ( Partanen ) . In an interview about his new book, he cites the deficiency of private schools as one ground for success, but besides includes many strong statements as to why their system is so successful. Some of the patterns that Sahlberg claims are the most successful include the absence of standardised trials, and besides the fact that â€Å" in Finland all instructors and decision makers are given prestigiousnesss, nice wage, and a batch of duty. A maestro ‘s grade is required to come in the profession, and teacher preparation plans are among the most selective professional schools in the state, † ( Partanen ) . Pasi Sahlberg besides brings up thoughts that are n't frequently contemplated as success enabling in the United States such as, â€Å" Finland offers all students free school repasts, easy entree to wellness attention, psychological guidance, and individualised pupil counsel, † ( Partanen ) . Are the absences of such patterns the ground for the huge spread between Finland ‘s esteemed instruction plan and the second-rate opposite number of the United States? Standardized testing is considered a aspect in public i nstruction in the United States, yet pupils in Finland merely have single testing created and graded by instructors, and have a much greater border of success. Finland implements educational patterns that are about wholly opposite to those of the United States. Critics argue that the Finnish theoretical account would non work in the United States because of the utmost differences in size and cultural diverseness, nevertheless Samuel Abrams, of Columbia University ‘s Teaching College argues against this point by mentioning the state of Norway as a premier illustration. Abrams argues that though Norway is similar in size and cultural diverseness to Finland, Norway ‘s educational system is much more similar to that of the United States, and granaries similar, sub-par, consequences to those of the United States ( Partanen ) . I have explained possible grounds for the defects of the United States. These include, betterment of instruction non being a chief end for Americans, standardised testing, high-rates of suspension and ejection, and unequal pay-grade determiners for instructors. For some of these jobs, there are obvious solutions, such as abolishment of standardised testing and zero-tolerance policies. I have besides offered a possible solution, the Finnish theoretical account, which our state ‘s instruction system would be more than capable of accommodating to if there was governmental policy alteration. Any alteration for the better to our instruction system could potentially give unfathomable sums of economic growing and the ability to vie in international rankings. Citations: Shepherd, Jessica. â€Å" World Education Rankings: Which Country Does Best at Reading, Maths and Science? † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/dec/07/world-education- rankings-maths-science-reading & gt ; . Bush, Jeb. â€Å" How To Better Our Failing Education System. † The Miami Herald. N.p. , 30 May 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.miamiherald.com/2012/05/30/2824609/how-to- improve-our-failing-education.html & gt ; . Graves, Lucia. â€Å" House Education Chair: U.S. School System Is ‘Failing Our State ‘ † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/07/george-miller-education- failing_n_793363.html & gt ; . Richards, Amy. â€Å" Why The American Public School System Keeps Failing Our Young person. † ReLIFE ‘s Blog. N.p. , 24 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //relifeinc.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/why-the-american-public-school-system- keeps-failing-our-youth/ & gt ; . â€Å" Google Public Data Explorer. † Google Public Data Explorer. N.p. , n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/publicdata & gt ; . Partanen, Anu. â€Å" What Americans Keep Ignoring About Finland ‘s School Success. † The Atlantic. N.p. , 29 Dec. 2011. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/12/what-americans-keep-ignoring- about-finlands-school-success/250564/ & gt ; .